Title: Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in pediatric liver transplant recipients during the first month after transplantation
Source: European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 2025, Nov 5. [E–publication]
Date of publication: November 2025
Publication type: Single-centre, retrospective cohort study
Abstract: Introduction: Despite dosing protocols and tight therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), tacrolimus concentrations remain highly variable in pediatric liver transplant (LTx) recipients during the first month post-transplantation. The objective of this study was to describe weight-adjusted tacrolimus concentration-to-dose (C/D/kg) ratios and to identify physical, clinical, and laboratory parameters associated with interpatient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability in hospitalized children during the first month post-LTx.
Methods: In this single-center retrospective cohort study (January 2018-October 2021), we calculated C/D/kg ratios for 36 LTx recipients aged 0-2 years. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed models characterized changes in tacrolimus C/D/kg ratios over time, and we determined the percentage of concentrations within six predefined ranges (0-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-15, and > 15 μg/L).
Results: In total, 524 trough concentrations of orally administered tacrolimus were analyzed. Tacrolimus C/D/kg ratios ranged from 0.19 to 0.75, demonstrating substantial interpatient variability. Time post-transplantation, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, coadministration of corticosteroids, spironolactone, fluconazole, fentanyl, amlodipine, flucloxacillin, and ciprofloxacin were significantly associated with interpatient variability (P < 0.05 for all). In the first week, 40.0% tacrolimus trough concentrations were below 4 μg/L, and using TDM the distribution shifted towards the therapeutic mid-range (6-10 μg/L).
Conclusion: TDM of tacrolimus is often not enough to obtain the concentrations in the therapeutic range. Identifying cofounders for variability a priori is essential for guiding efficient and accurate dosing, shifting the focus from reactive TDM towards better dosing strategies that improve PK predictions and ultimately improve therapy for pediatric LTx recipients.
